Simulation of horizontal sporadic E layer movement driven by atmospheric tides

Abstract The present study aims to reveal horizontal sporadic E (Es) movements driven by atmospheric diurnal/semi-diurnal tides using a three-dimensional (3D) ionospheric model. Horizontal Es have been investigated since the mid-twentieth century, variety of 1D/2D observational techniques. However, there are no comprehensive studies that explain different results asserted observations. Herein, we performed 3D simulations at mid- and low-latitudes. This is first investigate from perspective. We found layers constrained zonal-wind shear nodes above $$\sim$$ ∼ 110 km, but transported winds below km. descend with downward tidal phases move southward. descending westward as they lag behind nodes. stagnate 100 km semi-diurnal tides. In general, stagnating do not eastward. because diffuse vertically in eastward/northward wind region or early stage formation eastward/southward region. movement tendency agreed provided general explanation for previous Graphic